Agilent Making Reflection Measurements - Application Note 5991-2082EN c20140726 [9] free download

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Keysight Technologies Making Reflection Measurements Using the N9322C Basic Spectrum Analyzer (BSA) Application Note Abstract In addition to measuring the frequency power characteristics of your device or system with a spectrum analyzer, sometimes you need to evaluate the performance characteristics of antenna, RFID tags, or RF Tx modules, such as their return loss, insertion loss, and VSWR. The Keysight Technologies, Inc. N9322C basic spectrum analyzer (BSA) supports those additional measurements through the use of an optional tracking generator (Option TG7) and reflection measurement (Option RM7). The built-in bridge in the tracking generator makes the N9322C an easy-to-use reflection analyzer. Introduction to Reflection Measurement A scalar reflection measurement evaluates how efficiently energy is transferred into a device and reveals the degree of mismatch between a device and a Z0 transmission line (Z0 = characteristic impedance, typically 50 ). Not all the energy incident upon a device can be absorbed by the device, and a portion of the energy is reflected back toward the source. We can determine the efficiency of energy transfer by comparing the incident and reflected signals. See Figure 1. Device E incident E transmitted E reflected E transmitted Reflection coefficient r = E incident 1+ r SWR = 1- r Return loss =